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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:57 pm
Time: 9:57 pm
Results for risk-taking behavior
5 results foundAuthor: Organization of American States Title: An Exploratory Study on Drugs and Violence in an Intentional Sample of Women in Twelve Countries of the Americas Summary: Purpose To analyze the similarities and differences of the individual and collective experiences of women participating in an exploratory study in 10 Spanish-speaking countries of America, Brazil and the US (English, Spanish and Portuguese-speaking Latin women), in respect to drug use, violence and sexual risk behavior. Overall goal To analyze the experiences and perceptions of women participating in the study on the use and abuse of drugs, victimization by violence and sexually risk behavior, as well as to identify and evaluate the state of self esteem, depression and psychological abuse of the same. Specific Goals - Determine the frequency of drug use, violence and sexual risk behavior among women participating in the survey. - Describe and evaluate the state of self-esteem, depression and psychological abuse, as well as the level of drug abuse, types of violence among under and over eighteen year olds and the sexual risk behavior, especially HIV/AIDS among women participating in the sample. - Identify the individual and collective experiences relating to drug use, violence and sexual risk behavior in women participating in the exploratory study sample of 10 Spanish-speaking countries of Americas, Brazil, and the US (English, Spanish and Portuguese-speaking Latin women). Design and Methodology A quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted, in which the quantitative aspect was obtained through individual interviews based on a questionnaire, and descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the data obtained. In the qualitative aspect, focus groups with content analysis were employed. The intentional sample comprised 660 women between the ages of 18 and 60, living in lower middle class and lower class communities in the 10 Hispanic countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela), Brazil and the United States, with an average of 30 women per location. The study was conducted in the following manner: (i) In the Spanish-speaking countries, the focus groups were first organized and then on another day, individual interviews were conducted. In some of the locations in Brazil the individual interviews were conducted first, followed by the focus groups. (ii) The data obtained from the focus groups and the individual interviews were stored in a database created in each university participating in the study, prior to proceeding with the data analysis and preparation of the reports by the same universities. In countries where there was more than one participating university, one university was chosen to work with the combined data and to prepare the country report. In the case of Brazil, in particular, this stage was conducted by SENAD, which worked with five universities participating in the study. After this stage in the process, the 19 universities from Latin America and SENAD forwarded their data to the OAS/CICAD-EDRS to proceed with the analysis of the results obtained in the quantitative and qualitative components in the 12 participating countries and to prepare the final report of the exploratory study. (iii) The creation of an editorial committee with representatives from universities of Spanish-speaking Latin America , Portuguese-speaking Brazil, and the multi-lingual United States, as well as from CICAD-EDRS, SENAD/Brazil and external consultants, to assist with the preparation, revision and publication of the final report of the exploratory study. Details: Washington, DC: OAS, 2009. 168p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2014 at: http://www.cicad.oas.org/reduccion_demanda/educational_development/reports/women-drugs%20ENG.pdf Year: 2009 Country: South America URL: http://www.cicad.oas.org/reduccion_demanda/educational_development/reports/women-drugs%20ENG.pdf Shelf Number: 132992 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug-Related ViolenceFemale Drug UsersRisk-Taking Behavior |
Author: Mungan, Murat C. Title: Identifying Criminals' Risk Preferences Summary: There is a 250 year old presumption in the criminology and law enforcement literature that people are deterred more by increases in the certainty rather than increases in the severity of legal sanctions. We call this presumption the Certainty Aversion Presumption (CAP). Simple criminal decision making models suggest that criminals must be risk-seeking if they behave consistently with CAP. This implication leads to disturbing interpretations, such as criminals being categorically different than law abiding people, who often display risk-averse behavior while making financial decisions. Moreover, policy discussions that incorrectly rely on criminals' risk attitudes implied by CAP are ill-informed, and may therefore have unintended negative consequences. In this article, we first demonstrate, contrary to most of the existing literature, that CAP consistent behavior does not imply risk-seeking behavior. A host of considerations that are unrelated to risk-attitudes can generate behavior that is consistent with CAP, including stigmatization; discounting; judgment proofness; the forfeitability of illegal gains; and the possibility of being punished for unsuccessful criminal attempts. Next, we discuss empirical methods that can be employed to gain a better understanding of criminals' risk-attitudes and responsiveness to various punishment schemes. These methods focus on the various non-risk-related-considerations that may be responsible for CAP consistent behavior. Finally, we discuss the importance of gaining a better understanding of criminals' attitudes for purposes of designing optimal law enforcement methods, punishment schemes for repeat offenders, plea bargaining procedures and standards of proof. Details: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Law School, Institute for Law and Economics, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Paper No. 15-5: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=faculty_scholarship Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=faculty_scholarship Shelf Number: 134758 Keywords: Criminal BehaviorCriminalsDecision MakingRisk-Taking Behavior |
Author: Brown, Ryan Title: Impact of Violent Crime on Risk Aversion: Evidence from the Mexican Drug War Summary: Whereas attitudes towards risk are thought to play an important role in many decisions over the life-course, factors that affect those attitudes are not fully understood. Using longitudinal survey data collected in Mexico before and during the Mexican war on drugs, we investigate how an individual's risk attitudes change with variation in levels of insecurity and uncertainty brought on by unprecedented changes in local-area violent crime due to the war on drugs. Exploiting the fact that the timing, virulence and spatial distribution of changes in violent crime were unanticipated, we establish the changes can plausibly be treated as exogenous in models that also take into account unobserved characteristics of individuals that are fixed over time. As local-area violent crime increases, there is a rise in risk aversion that is distributed through the entire local population. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper No. 23181: Accessed March 4, 2017 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23181.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23181.pdf Shelf Number: 141337 Keywords: Drug Enforcement PolicyDrug-Related ViolenceRisk-Taking BehaviorViolent CrimeWar on Drugs |
Author: Nasir, Muhammad Title: It's No Spring Break in Cancun: The Effects of Exposure to Violence on Risk Preferences, Pro-Social Behavior, and Mental Health in Mexico Summary: Exposure to violence has been found to affect behavioral parameters, mental health and social interactions. The literature focuses on large scale political violence. The effects of high levels of criminal violence – a common phenomenon in Latin America and the Caribbean – are largely unknown. We examine drug violence in Mexico and, in particular, the effects of exposure to high municipal levels of homicides on risk aversion, mental health and pro-social behavior. Using a nonlinear difference-in-differences (DID) model and data from the 2005-06 and 2009-12 waves of the Mexican Family Life Survey, we find that the surge in violence in Mexico after 2006 significantly increased risk aversion and reduced trust in civic institutions while simultaneously strengthening kinship relationships. Although the deterioration of mental health due to violence exposure has been hypothesized to explain changes in risk aversion, we find no such effect. This suggests that the literature may be potentially missing out on other relevant channels. Details: Rimini, Italy: Rimini Centre for Economics Analysis, 2016. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed March 6, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2690100 Year: 2016 Country: Mexico URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2690100 Shelf Number: 141343 Keywords: Mental HealthRisk AversionRisk-Taking BehaviorSocial CapitalViolence |
Author: Mungan, Murat C. Title: Salience and the Severity Versus the Certainty of Punishment Summary: The certainty aversion presumption (CAP) in the economics of law enforcement literature asserts that criminals are more responsive to increases in the certainty rather than the severity of punishment. In simple economic models, this presumption implies that criminals must be risk-seeking. Some scholars claim that this and similar anomalous implications are caused by the exclusion of various behavioral considerations in theoretical analyses. This article investigates whether a model in which criminals over-weigh probabilities attached to more salient outcomes (as in Bordalo et al. (2012) and (2013)) performs better than the simple expected utility theory model in explaining CAP-consistent-behavior. The analysis reveals that the answer is negative unless the probability of punishment is unreasonably high. This finding suggests that we should exercise caution in incorporating salience -- a la Bordalo et al. -- in simple law enforcement models. Details: George Mason University - Antonin Scalia Law School, 2016. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 16-28: Accessed June 8, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2790936 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2790936 Shelf Number: 145985 Keywords: Punishment Risk-Taking BehaviorSentencing |